On Why George Bush Won the 2004 Presidential Elections Essay Example for Free

On Why George Bush Won the 2004 Presidential Elections EssayThe Economic and Demographic Determinants of Presidential Voting, a journal published in 2005 and written by Robert McNown from the Department of Economics at the University of Colorado, examines on how George Bush won the 2004 US Presidential election. McNown claimed that the area of socio- frugal uniqueness of the citizenry removes the implication of statistics of 2 macro- frugalal concepts, such as increase in real disposable income and unemployment rate, in which the increase of inflation and employment are significant factors in voting for a President (McNown 2). The claim of McNown was based on sevensome economic models which utilizes a prediction from a variety of experimental and chronological data, such as economic indicators, public opinion, and factors indicating the advantages of incumbency or Presidential term of office, predictive of probable winning of George Bush from 5097 percent over Senator John Kerr y.The seven economic models are basically political learnings or analysis that forecasted George Bush ability to win, in which the American Political Science Association (APSA) based in Washington DC has compiled the predictions of seven political scholars that McNown refers as seven economic models (Rajaee 12). caller affiliations and substantial economy According to McNown, voters are influenced by underlying economic factors relating to family values. McNown implied that Party affiliation is a determining factor in Presidential voting, which means party trustworthyty is perceived by electorates (McNown 78).To further explain, McNown exemplified the Democratic Party as reflecting only the awareness of economic destitute in a society but partisanship whitethorn favor or captivate tinge to voters (McNown 8). What could be interpreted in McNowns analysis on the seven economic models or political forecasts relating to the pulse of George Bush winning ability was the voters percep tion of party loyalty of Republicans, in which the party platform could be perceived as sensibly inculcated to the overall perceptions of general electorates, specifically the traditional American family values.Thus, the indicators of economic values, to which the Democrats were also bearing, could have been much attributed to the Republicans party loyalty as bearing the family values relating to a more advantageous approach to establishing a strong American economy. Findings McNowns claim may be back up by the indicators and factors that made George W. Bush win the 2004 elections.First, partisanship has proven the support of American voters from the metropolitan areas, as the Electoral College may have intensified the issue on family values that bore more weight of perceptions in party loyalty, as mentioned on probable winning of George Bush from 5097 percent over Senator John Kerry. Second, the Democrats bearing on issues of economic destitute being supported by the African-Amer ican electorates outside the metropolitan areas have been marginalized, in which the perception to socio-economic variables (like poverty) did not pick up or make a vital sense impression to the overall electorates.Third, integrating party affiliations, party loyalty and economic issues may still boil down to the stance of the conservative voters, ranging from middle-aged to elder electorates. We may synthesize McNowns claim from his derivatives of seven economic models or perceptions that most of the old and young American voters were overly conscious in partisanship, party affiliations and loyalty, in which would mean being loyal to a party may extend the consistency and realization of the party platform in the public office. Conclusion We may conclude that partisanship creates and establishes a domino effect to voters.The magnitude of impact summons the loyalty to party affiliations regardless of the current socio-economic issues. Having a two-party musical arrangement of parti sanship in America could be largely weight by popular perceptions to which America shall vote. This popular perception may be also referred as pre-conditioning the outcome of election and the insights upon the shift of government. With the performance of the Republicans to the 2004 winning of President Bush, it may have once again proven the old American saying, America belongs to loyal Americans.Works CitedMcNown, R. Economic and Demographic Determinants of Presidential Voting. Department of Economics and Institute of Behavioral Science. University of Colorado. 2005. 28 June 2008 http//spot. colorado. edu/mcnownr/working_papers/presidential_voting. pdf Rajaee, B. Political Scientists Forecast Bush Victory in 2004 Six Out of Seven Models Predict Bush Will Win. American Political Science Association (APSA). 2004. 28 June 2008 http//www. apsanet. org/imgtest/campbell. pdf

Constructivist Style of Design Essay Example for Free

Constructivist Style of Design EssayConstructivism is a Russian art movement that flourished during the early part of the 20th century. This style of devise had an equal on future schools of art. The constructivist style of design was pitched by Vladimir Tatlin, a Russian sculptor and painter (Microsoft Encarta 2008). The name of this design style was derived from the construction of outline sculptures from various industrial materials like wire, metal, and plastic pieces. The relief construction works of Tatlin from 1913 to 1917 were the first for the movement. Other notable constructivists include Aleksandr Rodchenko, Antoine Pevsner, Naum Gabo, among others (Microsoft Encarta 2008). Constructivism is a style of art characterized by an optimistic, non-representational relief construction, painting, kinetics, and sculpture. sooner than focusing on abstract ideas, the artist connects art with concrete and tangible ideas. Characteristic of artistic movements after valet de ch ambre War I, constructivists were idealists aiming for the establishment of a invigorated order in the cranial orbit of arts and architecture (Huntfor. om n. d).For constructivists, they believe that the highest form of art does not focus on the fine art but quite on the practical art. Constructivist style of design is concentrateed on the three-dimensional and could be connected with Proletarianism. Aside from Russia, the constructivist was likewise prominent in Germany, with Walter Gropius as the chief(prenominal) representative (Huntfor. com n. d). Despite being split into several groups during the 1920s, constructivism generally stood for the ideals of functionalism, utilitarianism, and abstraction.Tatlin combined constructivism with utilitarianism, the dominant style of art during the emergence of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Microsoft Encarta 2008). earlier to Constructivism, there were previous experimental artistic groups such as Cubo-Futurism, Rayo nnism, and Suprematism. During this time, Russia was experiencing turbulent times as World War I and the Russian Revolution had been reason by the 1920s. In 1921, the Constructivists turned their attention to instructional design.Tatlin and Rodchenko veered a charge from sculpture and painting and switched to stove design, graphic design, and photojournalism (Anneser n. ). Most of the Constructivists like Rodchenko focused on doing posters for theatres and cinemas. Rodchencko did the design for a magazine called LEF. He made his mark in the field of photomontage and printing with overprinting and kiss registration (Anneser n. d). In architecture, constructivist style is marked by a combination of straight lines and a wide-range of forms such as squares, cylinders, cubes, rectangles, and so on.A common example of a Constructivist building is the mausoleum of Lenin located in Red real that was constructed by Alexei Shchusev in 1924 (Johns n. ). Constructivism is characterized by the exploitation of the difference between various forms and models and also focuses on the contrast of various surfaces like rough walls and windows, which could be strictly rectangular or square. Likewise, they can be horizontal like giant ribbons which envelope the whole building. At the top portion of the building, there are move windows (Johns n. d). The Constructivist movement was only short lived as it lasted only until 1933. At present, there are about 600 Constructivist-inspired buildings in Moscow.The earliest structures emerged in 1925 when Russia was just recovering from World War I and had no funds for new construction projects (Johns n. d). Other famous Constructivist buildings are the PRAVDA editorial offices and the department store located at 1905 Goda found on the edge of Krasnaya Presnya and Presnenskaya Zastava Street where the Benetton sign is located. The building takes up a small parcel of land and is triangular in shape with an open top. A huge window extends f rom the first to the third floors (Johns n. d).From 1930 to 1933, Constructivists buildings experienced a major renovation in order to cope up with the demands of the political situation pervading that time. Eventually, constructivism gave way for the Stalin Empire style. The 1940s and 1950s was a trying time for Constructivists, as they were not given the chance to work forcing some of them to quit their profession or went to teaching (Johns n. d). In 1958, however, the Constructivist style was revived as architects began to construct public buildings such as hotels like the Yunost and Orlyonok as well as the post-graduate student center located at Silvernik Street (Johns n. ).Throughout the world, the influence of Constructivism was evident in modern architecture. In Russia, the cities of St. Petersburg, Ivanovo, and Kizhma have undergone major changes and have become industrialized because of Constructivist architects. convertible industrialized cities can be seen in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan (Johns n. d). Conclusion Constructivism is a Russian art movement that flourished during the early part of the 20th century. This style of design had an impact on future schools of art.Vladimir Tatlin, a Russian sculptor and painter, founded the constructivist style of design. Constructivism is a style of art characterized by an optimistic, non-representational relief construction, painting, kinetics, and sculpture. Rather than focusing on abstract ideas, the artist connects art with concrete and tangible ideas. Characteristic of artistic movements after World War I, constructivists were idealists aiming for the establishment of a new order in the field of arts and architecture.

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent hindranceIMMUNOLOGY PRATICAL ASSIGNMENTENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAYmODULE NAME clinical immuno put downyMODULE NUMBER APS6004MODULE LEADER DR JULIA REY-NORESSTUDENT NUMBER cc31761BSc (H) BMS 32014/2015IntroductionThe history of immunoassay was developed by Roalyn Yalow and Solomon Berson in 1950 used the Radio-immunoassay (RIA) and they awarded in 1977 Nobel Prize because they developed RIA to discover and measure the level of glucose in the blood for diabetic patient. However, the technology was build up by replacing the radio-isotopes with enzymes to make illusion generation that was in 1960. 1, 2, 3More than 40 years, immunoassays use in different places, like laboratory medicine, hospitals and research to improve the health excessively for numerous purposes. In addition, immunoassay use in life science research to study the biology system by chase different, hormones, proteins and antibody. However, it use in industry to detect contaminants i n food and water. Also, used as quality control to observe specific molecules used through product processing. 1Nowadays, the immunochemistry technology develops assays to try obviate as many dilution, mixing and measuring. Immunoassays atomic number 18 technique used to detect specific molecule. Its rely on the ingrained ability of antibody that are arrest to the specific structure of molecules. This techniques are quick and accurate its depend on the antibody and antigen that found in the blood and tissue fluids. 1There are many type of immunoassays such as radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), fluorescent immunoassay (FIA), and enzyme-linked immunoassay (enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay). 3,5In this report file I will focus on ELISA this technique that I used in the laboratory during two weeks to detect the antibody and the antigen. There is different types of ELISADirect ELISAIndirect ELISA organise ELISACompetitive ELISA 3Direct ELISAThis method techni que depend on the antigen that coated in the surface of home plate and the antibody of the patient and immix enzyme. 5 contrive 1 shows move of direct ELISAThe indirect ELISAThe technique used the micro plate coated with antigen. The primary antibody added to react with the antigen that wintry to the plate. Then washed away. Added enzyme conjugated secondary antibody anti-isotope antibody which binds to the primary antibody. After that washed away and added the substrate enzyme to produce the reaction tinge that determined the amount of the antibody. 3,7 approach pattern 2 show the steps of the indirect ELISASandwich ELISASandwich ELISA is the technique that used to detect the antibody or antigen that are wassail in the patient blood. This technique also called capture method because it detect level of antigen between two layers of antibodies. The antigen to be measure in the technique should support at least two antigenic epitope capable of binding antibody. Sandwich ELISA h as many advantages for example high specificity, flexibility and sensitivity. 3,8Figure 3 shows the steps of sandwich ELISAThe aim of practicalTo achieve a grid experimental to detect the optimal detection and capture antibody titration, by using monoclonal antibody antibody mouse anti- dassie IgG and polyclonal fanny anti-rabbit IgG antibodies.To determine the concentration of un cognize sample X and Y.MaterialsCoating caramel phosphate buffer saline (PBS) airstream buffer 0.05% Tween 20in PBS, pH 7.4Diluent PBSBlocking solution 1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBSAntigen rabbit IgGCoating antibody Mouse anti-rabbit IgG monoclonal antibodyDetection antibody Goat anti-rabbit IgG peroxidase conjugatedColour reagent .tetramethyl benzidine (TMB)Stop solution (1M HCL)96-well micro plateadjustable micropipettePractical week 1MethodsThis step was done by the lab technician to make the 96-well plate coated with antigen coiffure to the students because its take long time.Figure 4 show the rabbit IgG antigen serial dilution by using hundredl coating bufferMonoclonal and polyclonal antibody procedure in tables 1 and 2Procedure of Monoclonal antibodyProcedure of Polyclonal antibodyAdded degree centigradel of diluents of buffer PBS from column 2-6 in the first plateAdded light speedl of buffer PBS from column 8-12 in the second half of the plateAdded 200l of monoclonal mouse anti-rabbit IgG from A1well to H1 wellAdded 200l of goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP to column 7transferred 100l by doing serial dilution mixed well from column 1 to columns 2 ,3,4,5,6 then discard 100l from well 6Transferred 100l by doing serial dilution from column 7 to columns 8,9,10,11,12 then 100l discard from colum12 (mixed well)Covered the plate and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes.Covered the plate and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. rinse the plate three times with wash bufferWashed the plate three times with wash bufferTable 1The final steps100l of goat anti -mouse IgG-HRP was added to columns 1 to 6200l of goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP was added to columns 7 to 12The plate was covered and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutesThe plate was washed three times with the lavation buffer100l of substrate (TMP) was added to all the columns from 1-12 and incubated at room temperature and the plate was observed to check the change of colour to blue colour.After the colour become blue 50l of stop reaction 1 M HCL was added to all wellsThe colour will change to yellowThe essence was read by spectrophotometerTable 2Figure 7 shows stepsWeek one resultGraph 1 shows the results of mouse anti-rabbit IgG monoclonal antibody titration in different dilution runGraph 2 shows results of goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP tagged antibody in different dilutionPractical week 2Method note done by lab technician coated 20 wells overnight with 100l/well of the capture antibody (monoclonal mouse anti-rabbit IgG ) and kept ready for use.( sandwich ELISA)Added 200l of r abbit IgG to well A1 and A2Added 100l of PBS diluents to wells from B to H in column 1and 2From A1, 100l rabbit IgG was taken and added to B1 then serial dilution take place up to G1 then 100l was discarded from G1100l of rabbit IgG was taken from A2 and added to B2 then continued the serial dilution up to G2 then 100l from G2 discardedWell H1 and H2 was used as fatuousAdded 100l of unknown sample X to wells (A3 and A4)Added 100l of unknown sample Y to wells (B3 and B4)Incubated the plate for 30 minutes at room temperatureWashed the plate 3 times with process buffer PBSAdded 100l of goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP labelled to all 20 wellsIncubated the plate for 30 minutes at room temperatureWashed the plate 3 times with Buffer BPSAdded 100l TMB substrate to all 20 wellsIncubated the plate and protected from the light until colour developsAdded 50l stop reaction with (1 M HCL acid) immortalize absorbance at 450 nm by spectrophotometerThe resultGraph 3 shows standard calibration thin of r abbit IgGGraph 4 shows the equation log of concentration rabbit IgGCalculation of samplesTable 3 shows the calculation to found the concentration of samples X and YDiscussionFrom the result that shows in interpret one there are six curves of the monoclonal mouse anti-rabbit IgG with different serious dilutions(12000, 14000, 18000, 116000, 132000, 164000). From my result, the dilution 12000 is increase fast and it consumption more antibodies which is not recommended. The best dilution is 14000 because it gradually increase with less antibodies and this dilution can detect the lowest concentration of antigen and also can be used for more numbers of samples. However, the dilution 18000 it increase but is less than dilution 14000 it need more antibody, while the dilutions (116000, 132000, 164000) need more antibodies and not detect antigen in low concentration.The graph 2 shows the result of polyclonal antibody and the graph has sex different curves with different serious dilutions ((1 2000, 14000, 18000, 116000, 132000, 164000) the first dilution 12000 increase sharp until concentration of potassium, then decrease slowly up concentration of 2000 so this dilution not recommended due to over opsonisation of antibodies. The second, dilution 14000 increased gradually and it need less antibody and can detect the lowest concentration of antigen so it is the optimal for the goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP labelled antibody. Third dilution 18000 is increase slow and require more antibody. The last three dilutions, 116000, 132000, and 164000 are not showing significant elevation when increase the concentration and cannot used because it not detect high absorbance of antigen.The graph 3 shows the calibration curve of the known concentration to determine the concentration of two unknown samples X and Y. the graph 4 shows the equation make by log concentration of calibration curve to calculated the concentration of unknown samples.During this practical I learned a lot of importan t things such as the best technique to choose the dilution of antibody and antigen detection. Also, to discriminate between the best antibody to detect antigen.There are many factors that affect the result of ELISA like the incubation time should be 1 min but we reduced to 30 minutes and this not enough for the reaction take place between antibody and antigen, manual washing cause insufficient washing and mixed with other micro plate wells. The pipettes some time not working due to some problem of tips.ConclusionIn conclusion, the optimum monoclonal Mouse anti-rabbit IgG antibody concentration is 1/4000, while the optimum polyclonal Goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP labelled antibody concentration is 1/4000, and the concentration of unknown sample( X )is 287ng/ml and unknown of sample (Y) concentration is 41ng/ml. the ELISA is the best technique to detect the reaction between antibody and antigen.Reference1-Avrameas, S. (2006). Historical Background of the Invention of EIA and ELISA. Clini cal Chemistry, 52(7), pp.1430a-1431.2Tulsidas G, S. (2002). narration AND DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY IN LIFE SCIENCES WITH REFERENCE TO IMMUNOASSAY IN MEDICINE. Health and Population, 3(25), pp.140-147.3- Owen, J. et al. 2009. Immunology by Kuby. 7th ed. New York W. H Freeman and Company.4-Immunochemistry.com, (2014). Apoptosis, Caspases, Assay Development, ELISA Buffers, ELISA Detection. online for sale at http//www.immunochemistry.com Accessed 26 Nov. 2014.5-Accelero-bioanalytics.com, (2014). Home Accelero Bioanalytics GmbH. online Available at http//www.accelero-bioanalytics.com Accessed 27 Nov. 20146-Wieslab.com, (2014). Wieslab Laboratory Services Home. online Available at http//www.wieslab.com Accessed 27 Nov. 2014.7-Pharmatutor.org, (2014). Articles PharmaTutor. online Available at http//www.pharmatutor.org/articles Accessed 27 Nov. 2014.8-Elisa-antibody.com, (2014). ELISA Antibody, protocol and troubleshooting. online Available at http//www.elisa-antibody.com A ccessed 27 Nov. 2014.AppendixResult week one practical1234567891011122.11042.12921.96131.66371.39741.25743.25281.84490.95610.49390.24650.13381.82081.54991.40531.53231.04120.70423.46431.59670.83030.40280.25650.16131.42311.30540.57940.99720.82480.61632.89071.3130.62980.31890.17610.11121.06080.94750.83020.65540.52360.31682.21981.0650.53920.28670.16520.10130.72570.70080.68460.67250.57470.59671.61080.76020.69450.34320.19210.11280.5130.48680.46240.39170.41040.39670.99310.57560.32180.170.10430.16060.33350.34440.31880.34140.30420.26110.69090.33770.18960.10870.07860.05850.07970.08560.07740.06770.07720.08860.10050.05660.04590.04730.04980.0589Table 1 shows the result of the absorbance of monoclonal antibody and polyclonal antibodyconcentration1/20001/40001/80001/160001/320001/6400020002.03072.04361.88391.5961.32021.168810001.74111.46431.32791.46460.9640.61565001.34341.21980.5020.92950.74760.52772500.98110.86190.75280.58770.44640.22821250.6460.61520.60720.60480.49750.5081620.43330.40120.3850.32 40.33320.3081310.25380.25880.24140.27370.2270.17250000000Table 2 the results of the absorbance of monoclonal antibody after subscription of the absorbance from vacuousconcentration1/20001/40001/80001/160001/320001/6400020003.15231.78830.91020.44660.19670.074910003.36381.54010.78440.35550.20670.10245002.79021.25640.58390.27160.12630.05232502.11931.00840.49330.23940.11540.04241251.51030.70360.64860.29590.14230.0539620.89260.5190.27590.12270.05450.1017310.59040.28110.14370.06140.0288-0.00040000000Table 3 shows the results of polyclonal antibody after subscription of blankResult of week 2 practical1234A0.60840.54260.43060.419B0.56990.45890.24250.2505C0.56020.4504D0.50850.4093E0.42380.3164F0.30040.2355G0.19970.1794H0.12420.1093Table 4 shows the result of rabbit IgG absorbance and two unknown sampleConcentration IgG (ng/ml)12meanmean- blanksamplesamplemeanmean- blank20000.60840.54260.57550.45875X=0.4306X=0.4190.42480.30810000.56990.45890.51440.39765Y=0.2425Y=0.25050.24650.12975000.56020. 45040.50530.388552500.50850.40930.45890.342151250.42380.31640.37010.25335620.30040.23550.267950.1512310.19970.17940.189550.072800.12420.10930.116750Table 5 shows the steps of rabbit IgG and two unknown sample, mean then subscription of blank to make calibration curve and equation to take in the concentration of sample X and XAbbreviationRIA RadioimmunoassayEIA Enzyme immunoassayFIA Fluorescent immunoassayELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayPBS Phosphate buffer salineBSA bovine serum albuminTMB Tetramethyl benzidineHRP Horseradish peroxidase1M HCL 1 molar of Hydrochloric acidLog LogarithmY AbsorbanceIgG immunoglobulin GX Concentration Result ignore

The Process Of Coastal Erosion Environmental Sciences Essay

The Process Of Coastal Erosion Environmental Sciences EssayCoastal wear is a natural process in which sand and rocks ar dislodged from the shoreline by various eroding agents. Wave eroding is one of the major eroding agents which erode the beaches by breaking the rocks. In boundal erosion land is permanently and completely shifted from one region to another. The intensity of erosion along a beach is influenced by how hard a drift hits it the intensity of the wave depends on tides and the water density. Coast erosion ordinarily affects most mess that live along the slideline and withal the marine organisms that have their habitats along estuaries, bays and re entirelyy shal measly parts of the ocean water.DiscussionMany coastline atomic number 18 facing rampant coastal erosion and mostly in the Atlantic and disconnection where erosion percentages are about 6% per year. Many coastlines within the United States of America have been affected by coastal erosion and in our subs cribe to today we will concentrate on the coastal erosion in lanthanum specifically along the Mississippi river. Wetlands within the United States are declining at a very fast rate in the past 200 geezerhood, this beca habit of the increase in the natural evolutionary processes and also some world activities such as dredging. The wetlands within Louisiana are vast and wide as they extend to about 130 kilometers inland and 300km onshore. Various wetlands within the U.S.A are in stable conditions but the one in Louisiana if not quickly addressed it will be completely eroded in the next 2 hundred historic period (Dunne and Knapp 123).The delta plains within the Mississippi river together with its shorelines have been the recipient of sediment deposition by the river dating back to seven thou years back. There have been shifts in the course of the Mississippi river which has resulted in the staking of sand and mud which later formed deltas which were abandoned by the changing of the river course. These delta began eroding and debasing reason being the following factors the subsequent increase in the water level which may have been caused by global warming, bombardment by the tripping sediment which may have been deposited and also the reason may have been the sudden occurrence of storms which could have washed away the sand particles which were deposited on the deltas. separate than the above reasons the natural marine processes did erode the margins of the deltas which were seaward leading to the formation of barrier beaches and also sandy headlands. Erosion subsequently continued resulting to the barrier islands which were of low relief and eventually causing separation with the main land by lagoons and shallow baysThe erosion of the coastal shorelines in Louisiana has really led to the environmental and economical decline of the region as compared to the past. If urgent measures are not addressed the wetland in Louisiana will be no more. Due to the erosion of the deltas there was formation of barrier islands which acted as buffer zones hence leading to the decline of the ocean wave effects to the surrounding wetland and estuaries. Researchers have come up with findings that tend to explain that if the eroding of the barrier islands continue they will be no more by the climax of this century hence exposing the wetlands to the mighty king of marine processes which include tidal power, transportation of sediments, wave action and the intrusion of salinity. These marine processes will therefore lead to the degrading of the wetlands. Coastal erosion which is also cognize as shoreline retreat can cause a lot of economic qualifyinges since the following sectors are adversely affected and they include agriculture, touristry which to some countries is the main source of income, fishing and shipping as harbors are also affected (Finkl and Khalil 206).In Louisiana there are oil refineries and dynamism production sites and therefore through coastal erosion such activities are hampered and disrupted. In certain estimation by economists it was noted that if oil refineries in Louisiana were to be hampered for three continuous weeks then the countrys economy could suffer a setback of three hundred thousand jobs and also the exit of over one billion dollars. In a study conducted by waldemar nelson he states that if the coastal erosion is not corrected then the following economic conditions are likely to be affected the transportation of oil and gas may be disrupted, navigation will also be hampered as erosion will make it difficult to navigate through the Mississippi river, commercial fishing may be hampered and some recreational activities like surfing may be affected. These are the direct impacts that may accrue as a result of coastal erosion. In a study conducted by Richardson and Scott they stated that coast erosion will impact a lot in the general economy of the United States of America. They further stated t hat there will be loss of jobs, decline in the household earnings and some of the business transitions of economy may be affected if the coastal erosion continues to disrupt industries in Louisiana. These are the indirect challenges that Louisiana may face as a result of the coastal erosion.Louisiana has had a decline in its wetlands for the past thirty years or so due to this a body of experts was formed to address this line. This body was known as coastal wetlands planning, testimonial and take act which was make up of a task force whose responsibility was to keenly monitor, implement and design the conservation of the coast and also they were to make a follow up of the restoration projects that were being under taken (Limnological Society of Southern Africa 81). For the purpose of their duties these task force were u fed with the high resolution and colored photographs of the region which were usually taken through aerial photography. These photographs enabled them to monitor the restoration progress and this was to continue for a period of twenty years. This taskforce always submitted a report of its findings and restoration projects to the congress. The projects to be undertaken were usually ranked regarding their costs and the benefits that were to be acquired from it.There is a formula which was used in accessing the benefits and its calculated through a methodology which is usually known as the wetland value assessment. Every year restoration projects were to be done and they include restoration of the hydrology, protection of the shoreline, restoration of the barrier island, diversions of sediments, marsh management, proper use the material which is dredged, introduction of fresh water, planting vegetation and trapping of nutrients and sediments. A special body was established to monitor the progress and effectiveness of the projects. In the restoration of the coastal erosion in Louisiana the project needed an approximate of five hundred billion do llars to one billion dollar. These amounts were to assist in the protection of Louisiana against hurricane attacks (Morton 08).It is noted that it is not nature alone that is to be blamed on the degradation and destruction of wetlands in Louisiana but also the human activities which have been taking place in the Mississippi river delta. The following are some of the activities there has been construction of levees which were designed to channel the rivers waters two thousand kilometers inland hence leading to the transportation of sediments which were deposited far from the coast. This sediment was of importance as they usually nourished the wetlands. Another human activity that has degraded the coast was the dredging of canals which were to be used in the facilitating of hydrocarbon exploration and its production, these led to the intrusion of salty water to the wetland from the Gulf of Mexico. Finally the drainage of water into the wetland so as to bedevil room for development an d agriculture has led to the loss and subsequent deterioration of the wetland (Finkl and Khalil 187).There are various ideas which have been put forward to address the problem of erosion of the Barrier Island and wetlands. Some of the ideas include the restoration of the coast through the nourishment of the barrier island, sand and other materials that were dredged to be distributed to the wetlands, some other people state that a new navigation channel to be created so as to allow the delta plains to proceed normally with their erosion. These ideas hush have their pros and cons as they still affect some communities, some interests in agriculture and also the petroleum and oil industry. There are various engineering solutions which are very valuable to implement for instance building of breakwaters so as to prevent the full force of the waves from hitting the wetland and also building of breakwaters.This idea is viable but it is very costly. The only way curb this problem is by und erstanding how wetlands and barrier islands change or evolve. Various coordinated studies are showing how the nature mean both the wetland and barrier island to work. Therefore in the planning process the researchers should take into consideration how they evolve rather than going contrary to Mother Nature. Some studies are also trying to examine the possibilities of replacing sediments with very fine grained sediments. All this are very good and attainable ideas but up to date all the engineering actions performed are still fruitless (Dunne and Knapp 128)..

Internal Communication and Organizational Changes

Internal Communication and Organizational ChangesInternal Communications and Organizational ChangesBudi SantosoIntroductionInstitutional adjustments argon unavoidable. It happens to any variety shows of cheeks no matter how steady the complex body part is (we quarter take military institution as a sample). One significant factor that holds important role in the dish out of transmute is conference. Change, however, requires colloquy supports, non only formal but overly informal. When interaction and social doings among leaders and staffs within organizations has to be established according to the ask of change, communication ab pop this is necessary (Vos and Schoemaker, 2001, p. 101). Therefore, immanent communication theory holds a vital role to make a desired change boffo. The basic idea of this is that internal communications role ranges from communication to stimulating the process of change (Vos and Schoemaker, 2001, p. 100).In this paper, author should focus o n star of internal communications functions, namely, communicating the facts of the think change to the privileged stakeholders. The reason for this is that changes can possibly create a lack of clarity and uncertainty amongst inside stakeholders (Vos and Schoemaker, 2001), hence the need for tuition is relatively large. More importantly, to spend the change to staff and employees is a significant initial phase within the unhurt process of change.Organizations, as stated by Vos and Schoemaker (2001), are basically based on collaboration (p. 81). All sections are interconnected, and by that, are interdependent. All parts are directed to involve in mutual cooperation to realize or achieve organizations goals which are usually manifested in their missions. The output of mutual cooperation among all segments is based on the quality of internal communication which takes place.Organizational bodily structure cannot obviously be separated from internal communication as it, essential ly, is resulted from communication process that happened continuously within an organization. Structures save us fourth dimension and trouble, while they help us build on past learn (Cheney et al, 2004, p. 20). However, the climate of internal communication of an organization should actually be developed from isosceles systems of communication.In this paper, I try to explain how the organizational structure regulates internal communication climate in organizations, as the way in which people communicate depends strongly on the nature of organization (Vos and Schoemaker, 2001), by giving reasonable arguments which I elaborated from several sources.Organizational StructureCheney et al (2004) symbolized structure of organization as a skyscraper a tall building with many rooms and main parts, such as pillars or roofs, which are used to hold the whole divisions to stand up. The main part of organizations, then, is the communication atmosphere which colors the works spirit of all manpo wer to give their ideas, energy and services for the sake of their organizations.Online parentage dictionary (2007) defined organizational structure as formal and informal Framework of policies and rules, within which an organization arranges its lines of authority and communications, and allocates rights and duties. Organizational structure shapes the manner and horizontal surface to which roles, power, and responsibilities are delegated, controlled, and coordinated, and how information flows between levels of focus.Structure is aimed to give shape and direction to internal communication activities that take place, whether it is vertical or horizontal. On the other hand, figure of structure determines coordination and cooperation process within organizations. Internal communication is vital if an organization is to function properly (Vos and Schoemaker, 2001).Internal communication climate and structure of organizationGrunig, in his writing Systems of Internal Communication (19 92), quoted Schneider (1985), wrote that the concept of communication climate came from organizational psychology. It refers to a psychological atmosphere in organization like warm, tolerant, and participative. The values of communication climate can cover some features such as consistency, credibility, trust, openness, accuracy and frequent communication. However, there are similarly negative senses such as intolerant, severe or imbalanced communication atmosphere that could result in ineffectiveness in organizations.Effendy (1983, in Ruslan, 2007) internal communication which exists in organization can be categorized in three. First is vertical communication. This kind of communication is centered on two ways aspect. Downward and upward communications principally are manifestation of vertical communication. Nonetheless, in downward style, management stands the instruction, information, explanation, or delegation to person in charge in the units or their subordinates. In upward, subordinates give reports, suggestions, or even complaints to their direct managers. Second is horizontal communication. This sort of communication takes place amongst ordinary employees or staffs, or managers in the same level. Cross communication can also be come active in horizontal communication.Presently, structure of organizations has massively been developed. The most common and traditional type, bureaucracy where most decisions are centralized, has no longer been the one and only, even though some big business and governmental offices silent use it. The terminologies such as boundaryless or virtual organizations obtain been popular amidst organizational scholars and adopted by many organizations. Some high-tech firms in Silicon Valley, USA, for instance, have been organizing themselves to implement a relatively suave structure (Cheney et al, 2004), where the decision making power is distributed and the divisions have varying degrees of autonomy.Flat structure is often us ed by organizations where their works are fundamentally about bare-ass ideas (Cheney et al, 2004). This happens as a result to cut off the stagnation in communication flows within the organizations and to drive a favorable work atmosphere. Vos and Schoemaker (2001) confirm this by saying that structure offers a framework for the processes occurring in organizations. The differentiation and specialization in organizations as described in units, or departments whitethorn probably be potential to induce unreadable communication processes, particularly in big organizations or corporations who applies rigid bureaucratic model. Specialization, in other words, may mystify and block up other departments staffs since each has its own language or jargon.Organizations with many divisions or levels will be likely to have more basic problems in their internal communication compared to organizations who adopt simple structure, if procedures and guidelines are not established in good order. Thi s means that inconsistency in performing the guidelines, for instance, may emerge unclear job responsibilities and, in turn, can lead to significant communication problems. More divisions, levels or employees, of course, will cause extra managerial efforts to reach mutual relationships to stun common sense in reaching organizations ends. Vos and Schoemaker described this condition by stating that communication problems about who is doing what can originate in problems of the structure (2001, p. 96).Simply saying, flat and politic organizational structure may give leaders more chances to interact informally with their subordinates to get feedback or to give constructive motivation. Motivation, as one important factor to achieve work quality, can be improved by the way leaders communicate. Leaders may increase their credibility originally the employees by, perhaps, showing them their trustworthiness, openness and appreciation. In some extent, these characters can raise employees mo tivation to improve their job performance as well as to experience job satisfaction.Writer tried not to say that flexible or simple structures are better than conventional ones, as they have their own stance and weakness. However, the type or size of organization which can be drawn up from its structure undeniably also affects the way internal communications carried out and determines the quantity and quality of it. Military institutions, for example, may not have fluid and informal structure since their philosophy is based on chain of commands and thus, centralized. If an army adopts fluid structure, it can even jeopardize its internal communication since there is a solid system in rank stratification.Communicating the ChangeInternal communications is required not only to let members of organization know about the change which is going to take place but also to keep the process of it running properly. Cheney, Christensen, Zorn, Ganesh (2004) stated that communication is the means by which change is implemented, as implementers negotiate plans, announce changes (p. 339).To communicate the facts about the desired change to inside stakeholders, in this case shareholders, staff and work promote calls for good strategies. Excellent internal communications plans and actions are needed to result in less-turbulent reaction of the insiders. It is a common occasion that not everyone in organization becomes aware or even expects changes. And yet, as told by Cheney et al (2004), change is considered happy if it is accepted by key stakeholders kinda than rejected is compatible between the intended use of designer and the actual use of user and give benefit to the organizations as well.The prominent key of announcing the intended change is based on how to handle the flows of information regarding the change itself. Vos and Schoemaker underlined that Information about change should be managed well and provided timely to prevent rumours (Vos and Schoemaker, 2001, p. 110) . This entails the need that inside stakeholders would better receive the information from the management directly and at the first place, not from external parties such as media or their counterparts from other organizations. The facts should be communicated as clear and concise as possible to reduce uncertainty and anxiety among them. Furthermore, management should consider the possibility of messages may not be heard or be met with cynicism of the stakeholders. Mental noise may stop people from receiving messages.Practical ways to support the changeIt is crucial that management classifies and selects message delivery methods which caseful the circumstances and the need of the receivers by conveying the information constantly and frequently as well as using selective channels that fit to types of channelize stakeholders. For instance, if the change is large-scale and will relatively give profound impact to most frontline employees, like downsizing or outsourcing, it is much bett er that the top executives not to directly communicate this to them. It will be more appropriate to delegate this task to frontline supervisors as frontline employees usually do not trust top executives (Cheney et al, 2004, p. 331). Frontline supervisors may have closer and more emotional relationship with frontline employees than those at middle or top management. Trust is usually built on intense, direct interaction.Basically, management can communicate the change through multiple channels, including speaking, writing, video, training, focus groups, publicize boards, Intranets, and more. Again, it always depends on the kinds of changes. For example, management can apply internal media like bulletin boards or intranet as well to introduce a new design for corporate newsletter. Using generally accessible internal media to announce a meek change seems to be better than personal ones as this can save money and energy. This means that organization treats all stakeholders (staff and w orkforce) equally to give everyone fair set of the change (Cheney et al, 2004, 332). Especially to shareholders, personal approach or media like individual calls or special meeting may be more effective as they own the organization and their claim on organizational resources is often considered superior to the claims of other inside stakeholders (Jones, 2004, p. 32).Persuading those who do not accept (opponents) or are still floating (potential promoters and hidden opponents) concerning the change is included in communicating stage. It is very possible that management will get resistance from shareholders, staff and employees who feel uneasy. They may think that the change will bring uncertainty to their future and may threaten their positions (some kinds of changes like downsizing or restructuring will, indeed, threaten some people). Basically, rejection and uncertainty could also be possible as a result of lack of information about the change itself. To cope with it, management c an arrange a kind of meeting, for instance, small group gathering, and invite this group or its representatives to talk over about the change by giving clear and comprehensive understanding about it. On the other hand, in persuading the resistance, negotiation may appear to be a wise way to compromise with the existing interests. At this stage, the planner should steady the process of change by providing transparency.Communicating the change also includes facilitating the process of change by giving appropriate trainings or exercises to keep the change in line with the programmed procedures. Facilitating the change is directed to provide more information through education for the involved stakeholders to strengthen their knowledge and skills related to the change. In this stage, getting and providing secureness feedback and updates will be useful. It is important for executives and managers to know what sorts of responds emerge, such as acceptance, commitment, and productivity (Ch eney et al, 2004, p 330). Taking feedback is not a linear process which is conducted only at the end of the intended change. It is actually a circular process that covers the whole phase of the change. For instance, an input from employee about the new-adopted administration filing system may force a reconsideration of the original formulation. By getting feedback, management can measure the ongoing process and do improvements if needed.ConclusionAs a summary, writer finds out that in order to achieve successful desired change, organization should be able to constitute applicable communication plan to announce the change to their inside stakeholders. Well-planned strategy mitigates chances that the change will be rejected by inside stakeholders. Proper action will ultimately increase the organisations ability to get and take feedback effectively.Writer also comes to a conclusion that structure of organization really affects the climate of internal communication. On my perspective, t odays organizations need to have more fluid and flexible structure in order to have clearer and transparent communication flows. But, I believe that organizational structure is not the only thing involved as there are some other significant factors like culture or economic reasons which also have to be taken into account.However, we should remember that based on the fact, 90 per cent of intended change were not suitable with the expectation (Becht, 2008). This implicates that actually the successful change is not merely determined by the methods it is communicated. The current internal communications climate in the organization may possibly affect the successful of the change.BibliographyBecht, Agaath. 2008. Presentation on Change management, presented on January, 17 2008. The Hague The Hague University.Cheney, George. Christensen, LT. Zorn, JR, TE. Ganesh, Shiv. 2004. Organizational Communication in Age of Globalization Issues, Reflection, Practices. Illinois Waveland Press, Inc.Jo nes, Gareth R. 2004. Organizational Theory, Design, and Change (4th Edition). NJ Prentice abodeVos, Marieta. Schoemaker, Henny. 2001. Integrated Communication Concern, Internal and Marketing Communication (2nd Edition). Utrecht LEMMA PublishersOrganizational Structure. (2008, January 10). BusinessDictionary.com, The free online business dictionary. Retrieved January 10, 2008, from Business Dictionary Website http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organizational-structure.html*Dosen PNSDpk Kopertis II Palembang

All About HIV and AIDS Essays -- The AIDS Epidemic 2015

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) human immunodeficiency virus is the etiological agent of AIDS leaving the body defenceless to a variety of life threatening diseases (8). Transmission AIDS is transmitted from the HIV virus through blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk to others from infected legion (1). The virus can be spread through sexual contact by oral, vaginal, or anal sex receiving a blood transfusion, injection involving needles, ersatz insemination and organ transplants from an infected donor. Transmission from mother to child during pregnancy (intrauterine) from shared blood circulation while in fetus, delivery, or after pregnancy when nursing child from breast milk of infected mother (9). The exact mechanism of mother to child HIV/AIDS transmission is still unknown (9). Reservoirs Infected human. potential reservoirs include CD4 and T-Cells. Reservoirs are still not fully understood (1). General Characteristics The stages leading to diagnosis of A IDS include Acute HIV infection sight within a few weeks to months, asymptomatic HIV infection having no symptoms, early symptomatic HIV infection, to advanced HIV infection known as AIDS (13). A CD4 count test resulting in less than 200 cells/mm3 is utilise for diagnosis of AIDS even when the patient shows no symptoms (8). Specific illnesses tack only in patients that have AIDS are used to determine further testing for a positive diagnosis. Tests for HIV can be used to identify AIDS. HIV is diagnosed by blood tests involving two or more positive ELISA tests that have been confirmed by a Western taint assay (6). Test include third-generation, fourth-generation, rapid tests, HIV RNA tests, confirmatory tests, STARHS and home sampling tests (6). Once conf... .... http//www.who.int/hiv/data/2011_epi_core_en.pnghttp//www.who.int/topics/hiv_aids/en/11. United States. Texas HIV Slide Set 2010. Texas Department of State Health Services. 2010. Web. 4 May 2012. http//www.dshs.state.tx. us/hivstd/reports/default.shtm 12. Goodman, Brenda MA. Most Americans with HIV Dont Have Infection Under Control. WebMD. 29 Nov. 2011. Web. 6 May 2012. http//www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/news/20111128/most-americans-with-hiv-dont-have-infection-under-control 13. Dugdale, Vyas, Zieve, ADAM. AIDS. MedlinePlus. 9 June 2011. Web. 6 May 2012. http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000594.htm 14. Department of Health and Human Services. HIV/AIDS. National Institute of Allergy and pathogenic Diseases. 05 Jan. 2009. Web. 6 May 2012.http//www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/hivaids/understanding/howhivcausesaids/Pages/howhiv.aspx

Film :: essays papers

FilmLegalization A DebateIn the United States today, there is much controversy about the legalization of trustworthy drugs. In a book written by Eliot Marshal entitled Legalization A Debate, he talks about such circumstances. Not completely does he rightful(prenominal) talk about the U.S., but the laws on drugs around the world. Laws regulating drug expend vary widely from country to country. In Malaysia, for example, agency abuse is a violation of religious law and drug trafficking is automatically punished by death. In Nepal, by contrast, the giving medication not only tolerates the use of psychoactive substances but collects taxes on the drug trade. Policies concerning drug abuse in the United States lie somewhere between these two extremes and are constantly ever-changing as evidence concerning the dangers and consequences of drug use accumulates.In the book, the talk about Prohibition comes up. The author writes, In time, Prohibition came to be seen not just as a failure b ut as a desperate and foolish mistake. Today, many people who oppose controls on recreational drugs - particularly controls on ganja - cite Prohibition as evidence that it is futile to try to outlaw a popular intoxicant. The heart of this argument is that, even if it was desirable in theory, barrier cannot be carried out in practice. People will find a way to get what they want, the argument goes, and outlawing a drug merely sends drug seekers into an illicit black market.Another chapter in the book, which is discussed by the author, is Illicit Drugs as Medicine. The author talks about a man named Robert Randall. Robert Randall is a man who can just walk into a pharmacy and pick up a prescription that contains about 300 neatly packed marijuana cigarettes. He had taken this musical theme all the way to the court as being marijuana therapy. The marijuana is cultivated on a farm run by the federal government in Mississippi and processed under federal government. He had said that th e marijuana eased the pain caused by his illness known as glaucoma. Glaucoma, is a progressive disease of the eye and optic disc that often results in blindness. Randall does not have to pay for the marijuana, because the government does not want to put itself in the awkward position of selling marijuana, an illegal activity. Marijuana has also been proven to help out other illnesses. For example, marijuana has been proven useful in preventing the nausea and vomiting common in cancer patients treated with strong chemicals and radiation.